Hydrofluoric acid

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Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Hydrogen fluoride, often in the aqueous form as hydrofluoric acid, is a valued source of fluorine, being the precursor to numerous pharmaceuticals (e.g., Prozac), diverse polymers (e.g., Teflon), and most other synthetic materials that contain fluorine. Hydrofluoric acid is best known to the public for its ability to dissolve glass by reacting with SiO₂, the major component of most glasses. This dissolution process can be described as follows:

SiO_2(s) + 4 HF_(aq) → SiF₄_(g) + 2 H₂O_(l)

SiO_2(s) + 6HF_(aq) → H₂[SiF₆]_(aq) + 2H₂O_(l)

Because of its high reactivity toward glass, hydrofluoric acid is typically stored in polyethylene or Teflon containers. It is also unique in its ability to dissolve many metal and semimetal oxides. It is corrosive, as explained below.

1 Acidity
2 Production
3 Uses
4 Safety
5 References
6 External links

[edit]

Acidity

Hydrogen fluoride ionizes in aqueous solution in a similar fashion to other common acids:

HF + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + F⁻

When the concentration of HF approaches 100%, the acidity increases dramatically due to the following equilibrium:

2HF → H⁺ + FHF⁻

The FHF⁻ anion is stabilized by the very strong hydrogen - fluorine hydrogen bond. Hydrofluoric acid is the only hydrohalic acids that is not considered a strong acid due to its low degree of ionization in aqueous solution.

[edit]

Production

Main article: hydrogen fluoride

Industrially, hydrofluoric acid is produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite (CaF₂) with concentrated sulfuric acid. When combined at 250 °C, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride according to the following chemical equation:

CaF₂ + H₂SO₄ → 2HF + CaSO₄

Hydrogen fluoride is generated upon combustion of many fluorine-containing compounds such as products containing Viton and Teflon parts. Hydrogen fluoride converts immediately to hydrofluoric acid upon contact with moist water.

[edit]

Uses

Because of its ability to dissolve metal oxides, hydrofluoric acid is used in the purification of both aluminium and uranium. It is also used to etch glass, to remove surface oxides from silicon in the semiconductor industry, as a catalyst for the alkylation of isobutane and butene (olefinic C4) in oil refineries, and to remove oxide impurities from stainless steel in a process called pickling. Dilute hydrofluoric acid is sold as a household rust stain remover. Recently it has even been used in car washes in "wheel cleaner" compounds.<ref>{{#if:Strachan

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Hydrofluoric acid is also used in the synthesis of many fluorine-containing organic compounds, including Teflon, fluoropolymers, perfluorocarbons, and refrigerants such as freon. Additionally, hydrofluoric acid is commonly used in refinery alkylation processes to produce a high-octane gasoline blending component called alkylate from FCCU C3 and C4 olefins and isobutane.

Diluted hydrofluoric acid (1 to 3 %wt.) is used in the petroleum industry in a mixture with other acids (HCl or organic acids) in order to stimulate the production of water, oil and gas wells.

[edit]

Safety

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Hydrofluoric acid is corrosive and a contact poison. It should be handled with extreme care, beyond that accorded to other mineral acids, in part because of its low dissociation constant, which allows HF to penetrate tissue more quickly. Symptoms of exposure to hydrofluoric acid may not be immediately evident. HF interferes with nerve function and burns may not initially be painful. Accidental exposures can go unnoticed, delaying treatment and increasing the extent and seriousness of the injury.<ref name="pmid11505130">{{#if:Yamashita M, Yamashita M, Suzuki M, Hirai H, Kajigaya H

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[edit]

References

Template:Reflist

[edit]

External links

cs:Kyselina fluorovodíková da:Flussyre de:Fluorwasserstoffsäure et:Vesinikfluoriidhape es:Ácido fluorhídrico fr:Acide fluorhydrique it:acido fluoridrico he:חומצה הידרופלואורית nl:Waterstoffluoride nn:Flussyre pl:Kwas fluorowodorowy sk:Kyselina fluorovodíková sl:Fluorovodikova kislina fi:Fluorivetyhappo sv:Fluorvätesyra zh:氫氟酸

Retrieved from "http://plastics.inwiki.org/Hydrofluoric_acid"

Categories: Hydrogen compounds | Fluorides | Acids | Nonmetal halides

Hydrofluoric acid

From Plastics Wiki, free encyclopedia

Contents

Acidity

Production

Uses

Safety

References

External links

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