Alkali metal
From Plastics Wiki, free encyclopedia
| Group → | 1 |
|---|---|
| ↓ Period | |
| 1 | 1 H |
| 2 | 3 Li |
| 3 | 11 Na |
| 4 | 19 K |
| 5 | 37 Rb |
| 6 | 55 Cs |
| 7 | 87 Fr |
The alkali metals are a series of chemical elements comprising Group 1 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). (Hydrogen, although nominally also a member of Group 1, very rarely exhibits behavior comparable to the alkali metals). The alkali metals provide one of the best examples of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with well characterized homologous behavior down the group.
The alkali metals are all highly reactive and are rarely found in elemental form in nature. As a result, in the laboratory they are stored under mineral oil. They also tarnish easily and have low melting points and densities. Potassium and rubidium possess a weak radioactive characteristic (harmless) due to the presence of long duration radioactive isotopes.
The alkali metals are silver-colored (caesium has a golden tinge), soft, low-density metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides. These elements all have one electron in their outermost shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose one electron to form a singly charged positive ion, i.e. cation.
Hydrogen, with a solitary electron, is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table, but it is not considered an alkali metal; rather it exists naturally as a diatomic gas. Removal of its single electron requires considerably more energy than removal of the outer electron for the alkali metals. As in the halogens, only one additional electron is required to fill in the outermost shell of the hydrogen atom, so hydrogen can in some circumstances behave like a halogen, forming the negative hydride ion. Binary compounds of hydride with the alkali metals and some transition metals have been prepared. Under extremely high pressure, such as is found at the core of Jupiter, hydrogen does become metallic and behaves like an alkali metal; see metallic hydrogen.
Alkali metals have the lowest ionization potentials in their respective periods, as removing the single electron from the outermost shell gives them the stable inert gas configuration. Their second ionization potentials are very high, as removing an electron from a species having a noble gas configuration is very difficult.
Alkali metals are famous for their vigorous reactions with water, and these reactions become increasingly violent as one moves down the group. The reaction with water is as follows:
Alkali metal + water → Alkali metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas
With potassium as an example:
- 2K (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)
Contents |
Trends
The alkali metals show a number of trends when moving down the group - for instance, decreasing electronegativity, increasing reactivity, and decreasing melting and boiling point. Density generally increases, with the notable exception of potassium being less dense than sodium, and the possible exception of francium being less dense than caesium.
| Alkali metal | Standard Atomic Weight (u) | Melting Point (K) | Boiling Point (K) | Density (g·cm−3) | Electronegativity (Pauling) |
| Lithium | 6.941 | 453 | 1615 | 0.534 | 0.98 |
| Sodium | 22.990 | 370 | 1156 | 0.968 | 0.93 |
| Potassium | 39.098 | 336 | 1032 | 0.89 | 0.82 |
| Rubidium | 85.468 | 312 | 961 | 1.532 | 0.82 |
| Caesium | 132.905 | 301 | 944 | 1.93 | 0.79 |
| Francium | (223) | 295 | 950 | 1.87 | 0.7 |
Reference material
- {{#if:Campbell, Linda M., Aaron T. Fisk, Xianowa Wang, Gunter Kock, and Derek C. Muir
|{{#if:
|[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Campbell, Linda M., Aaron T. Fisk, Xianowa Wang, Gunter Kock, and Derek C. Muir
}}]]
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Campbell, Linda M., Aaron T. Fisk, Xianowa Wang, Gunter Kock, and Derek C. Muir
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Campbell, Linda M., Aaron T. Fisk, Xianowa Wang, Gunter Kock, and Derek C. Muir
|{{#if:
| ; {{{coauthors}}}
}}{{#if:2005
| (2005)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Campbell, Linda M., Aaron T. Fisk, Xianowa Wang, Gunter Kock, and Derek C. Muir
| .
}}{{#if:Campbell, Linda M., Aaron T. Fisk, Xianowa Wang, Gunter Kock, and Derek C. Muir2005
|
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if: |“|"}}
}}{{#if:
|{{#ifeq:Evidence for Biomagnification of Rubidium in Freshwater and Marine Food Webs||Citation is missing a title.
Either specify one, or click here and a bot will try to complete the citation details for you. }}[{{#if:||http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{pmc}}}}} Evidence for Biomagnification of Rubidium in Freshwater and Marine Food Webs]
|Evidence for Biomagnification of Rubidium in Freshwater and Marine Food Webs
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if:|”|"}}
}}{{#if:
| (in {{{language}}})
}}{{#if:
| ({{{format}}})
}}{{#if:Campbell, Linda M., Aaron T. Fisk, Xianowa Wang, Gunter Kock, and Derek C. Muir
|
| {{#if:2005
| (2005)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
|. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
}}{{#if:62
| 62
}}{{#if:
| ({{{issue}}})
}}{{#if:1161–1167
|: 1161–1167
}}{{#if:
|. {{#if:
|{{{location}}}:
}}{{{publisher}}}
}}{{#if:10.1139/f05-027
|. doi:{{#if: | {{#tag:nowiki|10.1139/f05-027}} (inactive [[]]) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }}
}}{{#if:
|. ISSN {{{issn}}}
}}{{#if:
|. PMID {{{pmid}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: |. PMC:{{{pmc}}}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}}
}}{{#if:
|. OCLC {{{oclc}}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{id}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
|. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}}
}}{{#if:
| ([[{{{laydate}}}]])
}}.{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}
- {{#if:Sokolov, Stephen T., Russell T. Joffe, and Anthony J. Levitt
|{{#if:
|[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Sokolov, Stephen T., Russell T. Joffe, and Anthony J. Levitt
}}]]
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Sokolov, Stephen T., Russell T. Joffe, and Anthony J. Levitt
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Sokolov, Stephen T., Russell T. Joffe, and Anthony J. Levitt
|{{#if:
| ; {{{coauthors}}}
}}{{#if:2006
| (2006)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Sokolov, Stephen T., Russell T. Joffe, and Anthony J. Levitt
| .
}}{{#if:Sokolov, Stephen T., Russell T. Joffe, and Anthony J. Levitt2006
|
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if: |“|"}}
}}{{#if:
|{{#ifeq:Lithium and Triiodothyronine Augmentation of Antidepressants||Citation is missing a title.
Either specify one, or click here and a bot will try to complete the citation details for you. }}[{{#if:||http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{pmc}}}}} Lithium and Triiodothyronine Augmentation of Antidepressants]
|Lithium and Triiodothyronine Augmentation of Antidepressants
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if:|”|"}}
}}{{#if:
| (in {{{language}}})
}}{{#if:
| ({{{format}}})
}}{{#if:Sokolov, Stephen T., Russell T. Joffe, and Anthony J. Levitt
|
| {{#if:2006
| (2006)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
|. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
}}{{#if:51
| 51
}}{{#if:
| ({{{issue}}})
}}{{#if:791–793
|: 791–793
}}{{#if:
|. {{#if:
|{{{location}}}:
}}{{{publisher}}}
}}{{#if:
|. doi:{{#if: | {{#tag:nowiki|{{{doi}}}}} (inactive [[]]) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }}
}}{{#if:
|. ISSN {{{issn}}}
}}{{#if:
|. PMID {{{pmid}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: |. PMC:{{{pmc}}}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}}
}}{{#if:
|. OCLC {{{oclc}}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{id}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
|. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}}
}}{{#if:
| ([[{{{laydate}}}]])
}}.{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}
- {{#if:Bauer, Brent A., Robert Houlihan, Michael J. Ackerman, Katya Johnson, and Himeshkumar Vyas
|{{#if:
|[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Bauer, Brent A., Robert Houlihan, Michael J. Ackerman, Katya Johnson, and Himeshkumar Vyas
}}]]
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Bauer, Brent A., Robert Houlihan, Michael J. Ackerman, Katya Johnson, and Himeshkumar Vyas
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Bauer, Brent A., Robert Houlihan, Michael J. Ackerman, Katya Johnson, and Himeshkumar Vyas
|{{#if:
| ; {{{coauthors}}}
}}{{#if:2006
| (2006)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Bauer, Brent A., Robert Houlihan, Michael J. Ackerman, Katya Johnson, and Himeshkumar Vyas
| .
}}{{#if:Bauer, Brent A., Robert Houlihan, Michael J. Ackerman, Katya Johnson, and Himeshkumar Vyas2006
|
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if: |“|"}}
}}{{#if:
|{{#ifeq:Acquired Long QT Syndrome Secondary to Cesium Chloride Supplement||Citation is missing a title.
Either specify one, or click here and a bot will try to complete the citation details for you. }}[{{#if:||http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{pmc}}}}} Acquired Long QT Syndrome Secondary to Cesium Chloride Supplement]
|Acquired Long QT Syndrome Secondary to Cesium Chloride Supplement
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if:|”|"}}
}}{{#if:
| (in {{{language}}})
}}{{#if:
| ({{{format}}})
}}{{#if:Bauer, Brent A., Robert Houlihan, Michael J. Ackerman, Katya Johnson, and Himeshkumar Vyas
|
| {{#if:2006
| (2006)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
|. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
}}{{#if:12
| 12
}}{{#if:
| ({{{issue}}})
}}{{#if:1011–1014
|: 1011–1014
}}{{#if:
|. {{#if:
|{{{location}}}:
}}{{{publisher}}}
}}{{#if:10.1089/acm.2006.12.1011
|. doi:{{#if: | {{#tag:nowiki|10.1089/acm.2006.12.1011}} (inactive [[]]) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }}
}}{{#if:
|. ISSN {{{issn}}}
}}{{#if:
|. PMID {{{pmid}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: |. PMC:{{{pmc}}}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}}
}}{{#if:
|. OCLC {{{oclc}}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{id}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
|. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}}
}}{{#if:
| ([[{{{laydate}}}]])
}}.{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}
- {{#if:Erermis, Serpil, Muge Tamar, Hatice Karasoy, Tezan Bildik, Eyup S. Ercan, and Ahmet Gockay
|{{#if:
|[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Erermis, Serpil, Muge Tamar, Hatice Karasoy, Tezan Bildik, Eyup S. Ercan, and Ahmet Gockay
}}]]
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Erermis, Serpil, Muge Tamar, Hatice Karasoy, Tezan Bildik, Eyup S. Ercan, and Ahmet Gockay
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Erermis, Serpil, Muge Tamar, Hatice Karasoy, Tezan Bildik, Eyup S. Ercan, and Ahmet Gockay
|{{#if:
| ; {{{coauthors}}}
}}{{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Erermis, Serpil, Muge Tamar, Hatice Karasoy, Tezan Bildik, Eyup S. Ercan, and Ahmet Gockay
| .
}}{{#if:Erermis, Serpil, Muge Tamar, Hatice Karasoy, Tezan Bildik, Eyup S. Ercan, and Ahmet Gockay
|
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if: |“|"}}
}}{{#if:
|{{#ifeq:Zuclopenthixol-Induced Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in an Adolescent Girl. Clinical Toxicology. Informa Healthcare, date=2007||Citation is missing a title.
Either specify one, or click here and a bot will try to complete the citation details for you. }}[{{#if:||http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{pmc}}}}} Zuclopenthixol-Induced Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in an Adolescent Girl. Clinical Toxicology. Informa Healthcare, date=2007]
|Zuclopenthixol-Induced Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in an Adolescent Girl. Clinical Toxicology. Informa Healthcare, date=2007
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if:|”|"}}
}}{{#if:
| (in {{{language}}})
}}{{#if:
| ({{{format}}})
}}{{#if:Erermis, Serpil, Muge Tamar, Hatice Karasoy, Tezan Bildik, Eyup S. Ercan, and Ahmet Gockay
|
| {{#if:
| ({{{date}}})
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{work}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{{volume}}}
}}{{#if:
| ({{{issue}}})
}}{{#if:277–280
|: 277–280
}}{{#if:
|. {{#if:
|{{{location}}}:
}}{{{publisher}}}
}}{{#if:
|. doi:{{#if: | {{#tag:nowiki|{{{doi}}}}} (inactive [[]]) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }}
}}{{#if:
|. ISSN {{{issn}}}
}}{{#if:
|. PMID {{{pmid}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: |. PMC:{{{pmc}}}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}}
}}{{#if:
|. OCLC {{{oclc}}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{id}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
|. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}}
}}{{#if:
| ([[{{{laydate}}}]])
}}.{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}
- {{#if:Sharp, Kelly
|{{#if:
|[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Sharp, Kelly
}}]]
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Sharp, Kelly
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Sharp, Kelly
|{{#if:
| ; {{{coauthors}}}
}}{{#if:2006
| (2006)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Sharp, Kelly
| .
}}{{#if:Sharp, Kelly2006
|
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if: |“|"}}
}}{{#if:
|{{#ifeq:Hypertension: Just the Facts||Citation is missing a title.
Either specify one, or click here and a bot will try to complete the citation details for you. }}[{{#if:||http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{pmc}}}}} Hypertension: Just the Facts]
|Hypertension: Just the Facts
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if:|”|"}}
}}{{#if:
| (in {{{language}}})
}}{{#if:
| ({{{format}}})
}}{{#if:Sharp, Kelly
|
| {{#if:2006
| (2006)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing
|. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing
}}{{#if:10
| 10
}}{{#if:
| ({{{issue}}})
}}{{#if:727–729
|: 727–729
}}{{#if:
|. {{#if:
|{{{location}}}:
}}{{{publisher}}}
}}{{#if:10.1188/06.CJON.727-729
|. doi:{{#if: | {{#tag:nowiki|10.1188/06.CJON.727-729}} (inactive [[]]) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }}
}}{{#if:
|. ISSN {{{issn}}}
}}{{#if:
|. PMID {{{pmid}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: |. PMC:{{{pmc}}}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}}
}}{{#if:
|. OCLC {{{oclc}}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{id}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
|. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}}
}}{{#if:
| ([[{{{laydate}}}]])
}}.{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}
- {{#if:Cappacio, F P., and N D. Markandu
|{{#if:
|[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Cappacio, F P., and N D. Markandu
}}]]
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Cappacio, F P., and N D. Markandu
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Cappacio, F P., and N D. Markandu
|{{#if:
| ; {{{coauthors}}}
}}{{#if:1997
| (1997)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Cappacio, F P., and N D. Markandu
| .
}}{{#if:Cappacio, F P., and N D. Markandu1997
|
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if: |“|"}}
}}{{#if:
|{{#ifeq:Double-Blind Randomised Trial of Modest Salt Restriction in Older People||Citation is missing a title.
Either specify one, or click here and a bot will try to complete the citation details for you. }}[{{#if:||http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{pmc}}}}} Double-Blind Randomised Trial of Modest Salt Restriction in Older People]
|Double-Blind Randomised Trial of Modest Salt Restriction in Older People
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if:|”|"}}
}}{{#if:
| (in {{{language}}})
}}{{#if:
| ({{{format}}})
}}{{#if:Cappacio, F P., and N D. Markandu
|
| {{#if:1997
| (1997)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Lancet
|. Lancet
}}{{#if:350
| 350
}}{{#if:
| ({{{issue}}})
}}{{#if:850–854
|: 850–854
}}{{#if:
|. {{#if:
|{{{location}}}:
}}{{{publisher}}}
}}{{#if:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02264-2
|. doi:{{#if: | {{#tag:nowiki|10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02264-2}} (inactive [[]]) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }}
}}{{#if:
|. ISSN {{{issn}}}
}}{{#if:
|. PMID {{{pmid}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: |. PMC:{{{pmc}}}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}}
}}{{#if:
|. OCLC {{{oclc}}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{id}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
|. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}}
}}{{#if:
| ([[{{{laydate}}}]])
}}.{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}
- {{#if:Krachler, M, and E Rossipal
|{{#if:
|[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Krachler, M, and E Rossipal
}}]]
|{{#if:
|{{{last}}}{{#if:
|, {{{first}}}
}}
|Krachler, M, and E Rossipal
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Krachler, M, and E Rossipal
|{{#if:
| ; {{{coauthors}}}
}}{{#if:1999
| (1999)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:Krachler, M, and E Rossipal
| .
}}{{#if:Krachler, M, and E Rossipal1999
|
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if: |“|"}}
}}{{#if:
|{{#ifeq:Trace Elements Transfer From Mother to the Newborn - Investigations on Triplets of Colostrum, Maternal and Umbilical Sera||Citation is missing a title.
Either specify one, or click here and a bot will try to complete the citation details for you. }}[{{#if:||http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid={{{pmc}}}}} Trace Elements Transfer From Mother to the Newborn - Investigations on Triplets of Colostrum, Maternal and Umbilical Sera]
|Trace Elements Transfer From Mother to the Newborn - Investigations on Triplets of Colostrum, Maternal and Umbilical Sera
}}{{#ifeq:
| no
|
| {{#if:|”|"}}
}}{{#if:
| (in {{{language}}})
}}{{#if:
| ({{{format}}})
}}{{#if:Krachler, M, and E Rossipal
|
| {{#if:1999
| (1999)
|{{#if:
|{{#if:
| ({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
| ({{{year}}})
}}
}}
}}
}}{{#if:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
}}{{#if:53
| 53
}}{{#if:
| ({{{issue}}})
}}{{#if:486–494
|: 486–494
}}{{#if:
|. {{#if:
|{{{location}}}:
}}{{{publisher}}}
}}{{#if:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600781
|. doi:{{#if: | {{#tag:nowiki|10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600781}} (inactive [[]]) {{#ifeq: | | [[Category:Pages with DOIs broken since {{#time: Y | }}]] }} | }}
}}{{#if:
|. ISSN {{{issn}}}
}}{{#if:
|. PMID {{{pmid}}}
}}{{#if:
| {{#if: |. PMC:{{{pmc}}}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Bibcode: {{{bibcode}}}
}}{{#if:
|. OCLC {{{oclc}}}
}}{{#if:
|. {{{id}}}
}}{{#if:
|. Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]{{#if: | , [[{{{accessyear}}}]] }}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessmonthday}}}, {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
| Retrieved on {{{accessdaymonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}
}}{{#if:
|. [{{{laysummary}}} Lay summary]{{#if: | – {{{laysource}}}}}
}}{{#if:
| ([[{{{laydate}}}]])
}}.{{#if:
| “{{{quote}}}”
}}
- "Physics Update." Physics Today June 1996: 9.
- "Visual Elements: Group 1 - The Alkali Metals." Visual Elements. Royal Society of Chemistry. <http://www.chemsoc.org/Viselements/pages/data/intro_groupi_data.html>.
See also
External links
- Science aid:Alkali metals A simple look at alkali metals
- Doc Brown, Alkali metals
- Atomic and Physical Properties of the Group 1 Elements An in-depth look at alkali metals
| Alkali metals | Atomic numbers in black are solids | Solid borders indicate primordial elements (older than the Earth) | Dashed borders indicate natural radioactive elements with no isotopes older than the Earth |
Template:AlkalimetalsTemplate:Link FA
ar:فلز قلوي ast:Alcalín bn:ক্ষার ধাতু be:Шчолачныя металы bs:Alkalni metali bg:Група 1А на периодичната система ca:Metall alcalí cv:Сĕлтĕ металлĕсем cs:Alkalický kov cy:Metel alcalïaidd da:Alkalimetal de:Alkalimetalle et:Leelismetallid el:Αλκάλια es:Alcalino eo:Alkala metalo eu:Metal alkalino fa:فلز قلیایی fr:Métal alcalin gl:Alcalino ko:알칼리 금속 hr:Alkalijski metali id:Logam alkali is:Alkalímálmur it:Metalli alcalini he:מתכת אלקלית jv:Logam alkali sw:Metali alikali la:Metallum alkalicum lv:Sārmu metāli lt:Šarminiai metalai lmo:Metai alcalitt hu:Alkálifém mk:Алкален метал ml:ക്ഷാരലോഹങ്ങള് ms:Logam alkali nl:Alkalimetaal ja:第1族元素 no:Alkalimetall nn:Alkalimetall nds:Alkalimetall pl:Metale alkaliczne pt:Alcalino-metálicos ksh:Alkalimetall ro:Metal alcalin qu:Alkali q'illaysimple:Alkali metal sk:Alkalické kovy sl:Alkalijska kovina sr:Алкални метали sh:Alkalni metali su:Logam alkali fi:Alkalimetalli sv:Alkalimetall ta:கார மாழைகள் te:క్షార లోహము th:โลหะแอลคาไล vi:Kim loại kiềm tr:Alkali metal uk:Лужні метали zh-yue:鹼金屬 zh:碱金属
